Overview of ECG history, from Luigi Galvani to Willem Einthoven.

Einthoven’s Triangle and the evolution of modern ECG technology.

Importance of ECG in diagnosing arrhythmias, ischemia, electrolyte disturbances, and structural heart diseases.

Macro Anatomy: Chambers, valves, and blood flow.

Micro Anatomy: Myocytes, intercalated discs, and conduction system (SA node, AV node, His-Purkinje system).

Electrical activity: Action potentials and conduction pathways.

Cardiac cycle: Diastole and systole, ventricular filling, and ejection phases.

Quiz 1

Standard 12-lead ECG: Limb and precordial leads.

Basic ECG configurations: 2-lead, 3-lead, 4-lead, 5-lead ECG.

Advanced ECG configurations: 16-lead and 18-lead ECG for right ventricular and posterior infarction assessment.

Heart Rate Calculation – Normal and abnormal rates.

Rhythm Analysis – Sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, heart blocks.

QRS Axis Determination – Normal, left, right, and extreme axis deviations.

PR Interval Assessment – Normal and pathological PR intervals.

QRS Complex and QTc Interval – Bundle branch blocks, prolonged QT syndromes.

ST Segment Changes – ST elevation (STEMI), ST depression (ischemia).

T-Wave Abnormalities – Peaked, inverted, and biphasic T-waves.

Shockable rhythms: Ventricular fibrillation (VF), pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT).

Non-shockable rhythms: Asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA).

Reversible causes (H’s and T’s) of cardiac arrest.

How to Master ECG Interpretation: The 7-Step ECG Ruler

Final Quiz

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A complete list of evidence-based references